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Frequently asked questions

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Water – important terms

Water is drinkableif it does not contain harmful substances such as bacteria, viruses, chemicals or heavy metals and meets certain physical and chemical parameters. Drinkable water should be odourless, colourless and tasteless and comply with strict limits for impurities set by national and international standards such as the Drinking Water Ordinance (in Germany) or the WHO guidelines for drinking water quality .

Important criteria for drinkable water:

  1. Microbiological purity:There must be no pathogens such as bacteria (e.g. E. coli), viruses or parasites in the water.
  2. Chemical purity:Do not contain excessive concentrations of heavy metals (e.g. lead, mercury, arsenic), pesticides or other chemical pollutants.
  3. pH:The pH of drinking water should be between 6.5 and 9.5 to be suitable for human consumption.
  4. Good mineral balance:Some dissolved minerals such as calcium, magnesium and potassium are desirable and contribute to water quality.
  5. Smell, taste and appearance:The water should be tasteless, odourless and colourless.

Measurement methods for drinking water quality:

  1. Microbiological tests:These tests look for pathogenic microorganisms such as E. coli or coliform bacteria. Such tests are carried out in laboratories by taking water samples and examining them for bacterial cultures.
  2. Chemical analysis:This involves checking the content of chemicals such as pesticides, heavy metals, nitrates and other pollutants. Laboratory tests or wearable devices are used to measure the concentrations of these substances.
  3. pH measurement:The pH level can be measured with a pH meter or test strips to ensure that the water is in the optimal range.
  4. Conductivity and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids):A TDS meter is used to measure the conductivity of the water to determine the amount of solutes. A low TDS value indicates fewer impurities.
  5. ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) value:The ORP value shows the ability of the water to oxidize or reduce impurities. A value above 600 mV is often considered an indicator of good rapid disinfection. Systems such as achieve these values without the use of chemicals such as chlorine. erreichen diese Werte, ohne den Einsatz von Chemikalien wie Chlor.

Conclusion:
Water is drinkable if it is microbiologically and chemically clean and fulfils certain physical properties such as pH value and mineral content. This can be ensured by laboratory analysis or portable measuring devices for pH, TDS, ORP and other parameters.

pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of an aqueous solution. It indicates how acidic or alkaline a substance is and is measured on a scale of 0 to 14:

  • pH 7: Neutral (e.g. pure water).
  • pH < 7: Acidic (e.g. lemon juice, vinegar).
  • pH > 7: Basic/alkaline (e.g. soap solution, bleach).

pH is based on the concentration of hydrogen ions (H⁺) in the solution. The higher the H⁺ concentration, the lower the pH (acidic); the lower the H⁺ concentration, the higher the pH value (basic).

Importance of pH in water:
The pH of drinking water should usually be between 6.5 and 9.5 to be considered safe and pleasant for human consumption. A deviating pH value can indicate contamination and corrode the water pipes.

pH measurement:
pH can be measured with pH test strips, pH meters, or electronic pH meters. These devices measure the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution and indicate the corresponding pH value.

Nanonox® slightly increases the pH value and should be checked at regular intervals and adjusted if necessary to ensure that the water is in the ideal range (7.0 to 8.5). 
Higher pH values reduce corrosion in the pipe.

TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) refers to German "total dissolved solids content", refers to the amount of all substances dissolved in water. These include inorganic salts such as calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, bicarbonates, sulfates and chlorides, as well as organic matter. TDS is measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or parts per million (ppm) and is an important indicator of water quality.

Sources of TDS in water:

  • Natural springs: Minerals that dissolve in water as it flows through soils, rocks, or other natural occurrences.
  • Human activities: Agricultural fertilizers, pesticides, wastewater from households and industries, as well as wastewater from mining activities can increase the TDS value.
  • Water treatment systems: Chemicals used for water treatment can also contribute to increasing TDS.

Typical TDS values:

  • Pure water (distilled): Nearly 0 mg/L TDS.
  • Drinking water: Typically, the TDS value is between 50 and 500 mg/L, depending on the region and the water sources.
  • Mineral water: May have higher TDS levels as it is rich in natural minerals.
  • Seawater: About 35,000 mg/L TDS due to the high salinity.

Influence of TDS on water quality:

  • Taste: A high TDS value can affect the taste of the water. From about 500 mg/L, the water can taste salty, bitter or metallic.
  • Health: Very high TDS levels can indicate the presence of potentially harmful substances such as heavy metals or chemicals. However, not all dissolved solids are harmful; some minerals such as calcium and magnesium are important for health.
  • Water hardness: A high TDS value can also indicate hard water, which can have a negative effect on household appliances as it leads to limescale deposits.

Measurement of TDS:
TDS can be measured with a TDS meter , which checks the electrical conductivity of the water and derives the content of dissolved solids from it. There are also laboratory analyses that provide precise information on the individual substances in the water.

Conclusion:
The TDS value gives a good overview of the total amount of solids dissolved in the water and can serve as an indicator of water quality. While low to moderate TDS levels in drinking water are normal, very high levels can indicate contaminants and affect water quality.

The ORP value (oxidation-reduction potential) is a measure of how strongly a water or solution is able to promote oxidation or reduction processes. The ORP value is measured in millivolts (mV) and indicates whether a liquid has an oxidizing (electron-extracting) or reducing (electron-releasing) effect.

Meaning of the ORP value:

  • Positive ORP values: A positive ORP value indicates that the solution has an oxidizing effect, which means that it removes electrons. This is important for disinfection, as oxidizing substances, such as chlorine or ozone, can destroy microorganisms. In disinfection processes such as swimming pools, the ORP value is typically between +600 and +800 mV.

  • Negative ORP values: A negative ORP value shows a reducing effect, i.e. the solution releases electrons. Such values are typically found in antioxidant solutions.

Applications of the ORP value:

  • Water treatment: The ORP value is often used to monitor the efficiency of disinfection processes, e.g. in swimming pools, drinking water treatment or wastewater treatment. A high positive ORP value indicates that the disinfectants such as chlorine are effective.
  • Aquaculture: The ORP value can be used to monitor water quality to ensure that harmful microorganisms are kept at bay.
  • Industry: In the chemical industry or metal processing, the ORP value gives an indication of how well oxidation or reduction processes take place in certain chemical reactions.

How high does the ORP have to be for drinking water?
The ORP (Oxidation Reduction Potential) value in drinking water should ideally be between 200 mV and 600 mV to ensure safe and effective disinfection. In this area, the water is sufficiently oxidizing to kill harmful microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses, making it hygienic and safe for human consumption.

An ORP value above 600 mV indicates that the drinking water is very well disinfected and contains hardly any pathogens. However, the ORP value should not be too high, as this could indicate excessive use of oxidizing agents such as chlorine, which could affect the taste and safety of the water.

An ORP value below 200 mV indicates that the water is not sufficiently oxidized and there may be a higher risk of the presence of microorganisms, which could make it unsafe for consumption.

Nanonox® can achieve a ORP values of 500 mV to over 700 mVafter a short runtime, which is the ideal value for effective water disinfection – without the use of chlorine. Nanonox® thus reliably ensures clean, safe water in an environmentally friendly way, without chemical residues.

Impurities in water

Physical contaminants in water are solid or suspended particles that can cloud the water and affect water quality both visually and in terms of content. These contaminants often come from natural sources, but can also be caused by human activities. They not only affect the appearance of the water, but also influence its usability and, at high concentrations, can damage the environment and affect technical systems.

Types of physical contaminants:

  1. Sediments:

    • Earth and sand particles that enter rivers, lakes, or groundwater through erosion, rain, and runoff are a common form of physical contamination. These particles settle at the bottom of bodies of water or remain in the water as suspended solids.
    • Sediments can cloud the waterways, reduce light penetration and thus impair the growth of aquatic plants. They can also transport nutrients or pollutants such as pesticides and heavy metals, which attach themselves to the sediment particles.

  2. Turbidity:

    • Suspended solids such as clay, mud, organic particles and other finest particles are often responsible for the turbidity of the water. Cloudy water can indicate that the water is unfiltered or contains contaminants that could be harmful to health.
    • High turbidity can be an indicator of the presence of microorganisms or pollutants that adhere to the suspended solids. In drinking water, this can reduce the efficiency of disinfectants such as chlorine.

  3. Microplastics:

    • The smallest plastic particles, which are produced by the decay of larger plastic objects or by microplastics in cosmetic products and textiles, are an increasingly worrying physical contamination in water.
    • Microplastics can be ingested by aquatic organisms and thus enter the food chain, which can have potentially harmful effects on the health of animals and humans.

  4. Organic particles:

    • Leaves, plant debris, and other organic materials that decompose and end up in the water also contribute to physical contamination. These particles can decompose, releasing nutrients that promote algae growth and affect water quality.

  5. Industrial waste:

    • Solids that come from industrial processes, such as metal shavings, dust, or other production residues, can also occur as physical impurities in the water. These solids can affect water quality and destroy aquatic habitats.

Effects of physical contamination:

  • Degradation of water quality: Physical impurities cloud the water, which reduces its quality and attractiveness for human consumption. Cloudy water can indicate the presence of microorganisms and chemicals, which makes it harmful to health.

  • Environmental impact: Sediment and suspended solids can damage the habitats of fish and other aquatic life by reducing light in the water and hindering reproduction or growth.

  • Interference with technical systems: Physical contaminants can clog filters and pipes and reduce the efficiency of water treatment systems or cooling systems in industrial plants. This can lead to increased maintenance effort and costs.

Nanonox does not remove physical impurities. In order for the Nanonox system to work well, physical, particular impurities should be removed in advance by means of filters (mechanical filters, sedimentation processes) keine physikalischen Verunreinigungen. Damit das Nanonox-System gut arbeiten kann, sollten physikalische Verunreinigungen vorab mittels Filtern entfernt werden (mechanische Filter, Sedimentationsprozesse)

Toxins in water are toxic substances that contaminate water and are potentially harmful to humans, animals and the environment. These toxins can either occur naturally or enter the water through human activities. They pose a significant threat to health and ecosystems if they occur in drinking water, surface water or groundwater.

Types of toxins in water:

  1. Natural toxins:

    • Algae toxins: Certain types of algae, such as blue-green algae (cyanobacteria), produce toxic substances that occur in stagnant waters, lakes and rivers. These toxins can endanger humans and animals and are a problem in algal blooms.
    • Heavy metals: Heavy metals such as mercury, arsenic or lead can occur naturally in rocks and enter the water through erosion. These are very toxic in high concentrations and pose a long-term danger.

  2. Anthropogenic (man-made) toxins:

    • Pesticides and herbicides: Chemicals used in agriculture enter bodies of water through rainwater and runoff and can contaminate drinking water. These substances are toxic to living organisms and damage water quality.
    • Industrial chemicals: Chemical wastewater from factories and industrial plants often contains toxic substances such as solvents, oils, and heavy metals. If this wastewater is not treated properly, it can get into the water and pollute it.
    • Medicine residues: Medicines disposed of in wastewater contain chemicals that remain in the water and can have long-term effects on the environment and health. These include antibiotics, painkillers and hormones.
    • Exhaust fumes and emissions: Pollutants from air pollution, such as nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide, can enter the water through acid rain and contaminate it.

Effects of toxins in water:

  • On human health: Toxins in drinking water can cause a variety of health problems, from gastrointestinal disorders to serious diseases such as cancer or neurological disorders. Heavy metals such as lead and mercury are particularly dangerous because they can accumulate in the body and cause long-term damage.

  • On the environment: Toxins can severely affect aquatic life, plants and the entire ecosystem of a body of water. They can lower oxygen levels in the water, kill fish and disrupt the food chain.

  • On livestock and agriculture: If agricultural land is irrigated with toxic water or livestock drink contaminated water, this can also have harmful consequences for animal health and the food chain.

Nanonox® uses advanced photocatalysis technology to eliminate toxins and other contaminants from the water without chemicals. This process offers an environmentally friendly alternative to traditional disinfection methods, which often rely on chemicals such as chlorine or ozone. With Nanonox®, the water is efficiently purified without leaving any harmful residue or by-products, making it ideal for applications where clean, safe water is a high priority.

Pharmaceutical residues in water refers to residues of antibiotic drugs that can be detected in water bodies such as rivers, lakes, groundwater and even drinking water. These residues enter the water through various human activities and pose a growing challenge to water quality and the environment.

Sources of pharmaceutical residues in water:

  1. Wastewater from households: Antibiotics taken by humans are not fully absorbed by the body and some of them end up in the sewage system via urine or stool. Sewage treatment plants are not always able to completely remove all traces of pharmaceutical residues, meaning that residues can end up in surface water or groundwater.

  2. Animal husbandry and agriculture: In intensive animal husbandry, medicines are often used to prevent infections or promote growth. Residues of these medicines can enter groundwater or surface water via the animals' urine or faeces, especially when liquid manure is spread on fields as fertilizer.

  3. Hospitals and medical facilities: Wastewater from hospitals and other healthcare facilities often contains higher concentrations of antibiotics and other medicines. These enter the environment via the wastewater system.

  4. Pharmaceutical industry: In regions where pharmaceuticals are produced, production residues can be released via wastewater, leading to locally high concentrations of pharmaceutical residues in water bodies.

Removal of pharmaceutical residues from the water:
The removal of antibiotics and pharmaceutical residues from water is technically challenging. Conventional wastewater treatment plants are often not designed to completely remove these micropollutants. Technologies such as activated carbon filters, reverse osmosis, ozonation and photocatalysis can help to filter antibiotics and other pharmaceutical residues from water.

The increasing presence of pharmaceutical residues in water is an urgent challenge. 
Nanonox® can reduce or even completely eliminate pharmaceutical residues in water. Using its innovative photocatalysis technology, Nanonox generates activated oxygen that decomposes antibiotics and other chemical residues in water. This process enables chemical-free and environmentally friendly water purification, effectively breaking down harmful substances and pharmaceutical residues. As a result, Nanonox® helps to improve water quality.

Pesticides in water are a growing problem caused by the use of chemical pesticides in agriculture. These pesticides enter water bodies, groundwater and even drinking water through rain and runoff. Not only can they harm the environment, but they can also pose significant health risks to humans and animals. Pesticide residues in water are often difficult to break down and can affect water quality in the long term.

Nanonox® offers an effective solution for removing some pesticides from water. Innovative photocatalysis technology is used to generate activated oxygen that breaks down pesticides and other chemical compounds. This process is chemical-free and uses only oxygen from the air. This effectively breaks down harmful pesticide residues without introducing additional chemicals into the water.

With Nanonox®, the water can be freed not only from pesticides, but also from other organic pollutants that pollute the environment and human health. In this way, Nanonox® ensures clean, safe water, free of chemical residues, while protecting the environment.

Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi and algae, that grow on surfaces and are surrounded by a protective, self-produced layer of mucus. This mucus layer consists mainly of polysaccharides (sugar polymers) and proteins and provides protection for microorganisms from external influences such as chemical disinfectants and environmental conditions.

Properties and formation of biofilms:

  • Attachment: Biofilms begin when microorganisms attach to a solid surface such as pipes, tanks, ship hulls, medical equipment, or natural surfaces (stones, plants). Attachment is facilitated by physical and chemical interactions between the microorganisms and the surface.
  • Slime production: Once attached, the microorganisms begin to produce a slimy protective layer (exopolymeric substances) that provides them with stability and protection. This mucus layer promotes the accumulation of other microorganisms.
  • Growth and reproduction: Within the biofilm, the microorganisms grow and multiply. Because they are protected by the slime layer, they can often withstand extreme conditions and spread quickly.

Occurrence of biofilms:

  • In nature: Biofilms are found in natural environments such as rivers, lakes and soils, where they play an important role in the ecological balance.
  • In industry: Biofilms can cause problems in industrial facilities, especially water and wastewater systems, refrigeration plants, food factories, and medical facilities. They impair the efficiency of systems, cause clogging, and provide protection for microorganisms from cleaners and disinfectants.
  • In medicine: Biofilms can form on medical devices (such as catheters or implants) and are a common cause of persistent infections because the microorganisms in the biofilm are more resistant to antibiotics and the immune system.

Problems caused by biofilms:

  • Protection against disinfection: The mucus layer of the biofilm protects the microorganisms inside from chemicals and disinfectants, making them more difficult to eliminate.
  • Antibiotic resistance: Microorganisms in biofilms often develop higher resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants, making them harder to fight.
  • Blockages and damage: In technical systems, biofilms can clog pipes and filters, thereby reducing the efficiency of cooling or water systems. They can also promote material corrosion.

Biofilm removal:
Removing biofilms is difficult because the microorganisms are protected by the mucus layer. Mechanical cleaning processes or chemical disinfectants are often required to eliminate biofilms.

Nanonox® reduces and eliminates biofilms in tanks and pipes through its innovative, chemical-free water treatment technology. The system is based on photocatalysis, which uses activated oxygen from the air to effectively eliminate bacteria, viruses and other organic contaminants. These microorganisms are the main cause of the formation of biofilms, which settle on the surfaces of tanks and pipes and can lead to blockages and loss of efficiency in the long term.

By destroying these microorganisms, Nanonox® reliably prevents the formation of biofilms. This keeps pipes and tanks clean, which not only reduces maintenance, but also extends the life of the equipment and ensures consistently high water quality. All this is done without the use of chemicals such as chlorine, which makes Nanonox® an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution.

Viruses and bacteria in water are microbiological contaminants that pose significant health risks to humans and animals. These microorganisms can enter the water through various sources and cause infectious diseases if the contaminated water is consumed or comes into contact with the skin.

Bacteria in water:
Bacteria are microscopic, single-celled organisms that exist in almost any environment. Some bacteria are harmless or even beneficial, while others are pathogenic and can cause disease.

  • Examples of pathogenic bacteria in water:
    • Escherichia coli (E. coli)Commonly found in contaminated water, especially water that has come into contact with fecal matter. Certain strains of E. coli can cause severe gastrointestinal illness. E. coli können schwere Magen-Darm-Erkrankungen verursachen.
    • Salmonella:These bacteria can be transmitted through contaminated water and lead to typhoid or gastrointestinal illness.
    • Legionella:These bacteria multiply in warm water, such as in water systems of buildings, and can cause pneumonia called Legionnaires' disease.

Viruses in water:
Viruses are even smaller than bacteria and can only survive and multiply in living cells. They are often resilient and can be transmitted through water, especially in regions with poor water treatment.

  • Examples of waterborne viruses:
    • Norovirus: Often found in contaminated water, it can cause acute gastroenteritis (stomach flu) and is very contagious.
    • Hepatitis A: This virus can be transmitted through polluted water or food and leads to liver inflammation.
    • Rotaviruses: These cause severe diarrhoea, especially in children, and are often transmitted through contaminated water or surfaces.

How do viruses and bacteria get into the water?

  • Fecal contamination: This is one of the most common causes of the presence of bacteria and viruses in water. Wastewater that has not been properly treated can end up in rivers, lakes or groundwater and contaminate drinking water.
  • Surface water: After heavy rainfall or flooding, surface waters can absorb bacteria and viruses from agricultural wastewater, animal waste or human wastewater.
  • Inadequate water treatment: In regions with inadequate water treatment or in systems that are poorly maintained, pathogenic microorganisms can remain in the water.

Health risks from viruses and bacteria in water:

Ingestion of water contaminated with bacteria or viruses can lead to serious illness. Gastrointestinal diseases, lung infections, liver inflammation and other serious health problems are possible consequences. Children, the elderly and people with weakened immune systems are particularly at risk.

Protection against viruses and bacteria in water:

To ensure the safety of drinking water, strict treatment procedures are required. These include:

  • Filtration and disinfection: The physical removal of particles and chemical or UV disinfection to eliminate microorganisms.
  • Chlorination: Adding chlorine to disinfect drinking water is a common method worldwide that kills many bacteria and viruses.
  • Ozonation and UV light: These methods of water disinfection are also effective against microorganisms and do not leave any chemical residues in the water.

With photocatalysis technology, Nanonox® offers a chemical-free way to eliminate viruses and bacteria from water. By generating and apying reactive oxygen, the microorganisms are destroyed at the molecular level without leaving any harmful residues behind. This method is a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to traditional disinfection methods and ensures clean and safe water.

Parasites in drinking water are microscopic organisms that can cause serious health problems if they enter the human body through contaminated water. These parasites can cause various diseases, especially in the gastrointestinal tract, and are a common cause of diarrhea in regions with poor water quality. They are often found in surface waters such as lakes, rivers and ponds and enter drinking water through inadequately filtered or untreated water.

Where are parasites found in drinking water?
Parasites in drinking water are common worldwide, but they are particularly common in areas where water treatment is inadequate or sewage systems function poorly. Here are some typical sources from which parasites can enter drinking water:

  • Surface waters: Lakes, rivers, and ponds are often natural habitats for parasites such as Giardia or Cryptosporidium. These waters can be contaminated by sewage, agricultural runoff or animal droppings. Giardia oder Cryptosporidium and Giardia.. Diese Gewässer können durch Abwässer, landwirtschaftlichen Abfluss oder Tierkot verunreinigt werden.
  • Well water: In rural or remote areas where wells are used as the main source of drinking water, contamination by parasites can occur, especially if the well water is not adequately protected or treated.
  • Insufficiently filtered water: In regions where drinking water is not sufficiently filtered or disinfected, parasites can pass through the water supply system and survive in drinking water.

Common parasites in drinking water:

  1. Giardia lamblia: Giardia is one of the most common parasites in drinking water. It causes giardiasis, a condition that triggers stomach cramps, diarrhea, and nausea. Giardia is very resilient and can survive in cold water for weeks.

  2. Cryptosporidium: This parasite leads to cryptosporidiosis, a gastrointestinal disease that can be particularly dangerous in children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Cryptosporidium is highly resistant to common disinfectants such as chlorine, which is why additional filtration methods are often required.

  3. Entamoeba histolytica: This amoeba parasite causes amoebic dysentery, a severe diarrhoeal disease that is common in regions with poor water treatment and hygiene. This parasite is a major problem, especially in tropical and subtropical areas.

  4. Dracunculus medinensis (Guinea worm): This parasite is found in contaminated surface water in some parts of Africa. The infection occurs when people drink the contaminated water, which contains tiny larvae of the worm.

Transmission and health risks:
Parasites often enter the body through the consumption of contaminated drinking water, but they can also be transmitted through contaminated food or direct contact with contaminated water. Symptoms range from gastrointestinal problems such as diarrhea and abdominal pain to more serious conditions that require long-term treatment. Parasite infections are particularly dangerous for immunocompromised people, children and the elderly.

Prevention and treatment:
The most effective way to remove parasites from drinking water is to treat the water through filtration and disinfection.

While the combination of filtration and disinfection with Nanonox® can remove some parasites from the water, certain parasites such as Cryptosporidium or Giardia are extremely resistant and can also defy the use of Nanonox, so further measures are necessary.

Substances in the water that impair taste and odor can significantly affect the water quality and make it undrinkable. These substances come from different sources, both natural and human, and can severely affect the drinking experience, even if the water is technically safe. Here are some of the most common causes of bad taste or odor in drinking water:

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S):
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless gas that is commonly found in groundwater sources. It gives the water an unpleasant, foul smell reminiscent of rotten eggs. This smell is produced when sulfur-containing minerals in rocks are broken down by certain bacteria that live in oxygen-poor environments. Hydrogen sulfide not only affects the smell, but can also negatively affect the taste of the water. Although H₂S is not too harmful to health in very low concentrations, it makes the water undrinkable and unattractive and is very toxic once a certain threshold is attained.

Chlorine:
Chlorine is often used to disinfect drinking water to kill bacteria, viruses and other microorganisms. Although it is an effective disinfectant, it can greatly change the taste of the water. Many people describe the taste of chlorinated water as chemical, metallic, or "swimming pool-like." In some cases, so-called chloramines can also form, which have an even greater influence on the taste and smell of the water. Despite its effectiveness in disinfection, chlorine can affect the enjoyment of drinking water, which is why some households rely on filtration systems to reduce the chlorine content in the water.

Algae and microorganisms:
Algae and certain microorganisms found in surface waters such as lakes, rivers, or reservoirs can give water an earthy, musty, or even moldy taste and odor. Even though these microorganisms usually do not pose a health hazard in small amounts, they can make the water unappetizing. Especially in the warm summer months, when algal blooms are more common, these taste influences can be more pronounced. Dead organic matter, which is decomposed by microorganisms, also contributes to these unpleasant aromas.

Conclusion:
Substances that impair taste and odor such as hydrogen sulfide, chlorine and algae/microorganisms can make drinking water undrinkable, even if it is technically safe. 

With photocatalysis technology, Nanonox® offers an innovative, chemical-free solution for the effective elimination of viruses and bacteria in water. Unpleasant odors are also neutralized, so that the water becomes clear and drinkable again. A big advantage is that chlorine can be dispensed with, which allows the water to retain its natural taste, without chemical residues or unwanted flavors.

The most common methods of water treatment compared to Nanonox

Physical purification of water refers to processes in which impurities are removed from the water by mechanical or physical processes without the use of chemical additives. These methods are often the first step in water treatment and ensure that suspended solids, sediments, microorganisms and other visible contaminants are efficiently removed. Physical purification is used in drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment, and industrial and agricultural applications.

Common physical cleaning methods:

  1. Filtration:

    • How it works: Water is passed through filter media such as sand, activated carbon, ceramic, or special membranes to remove solid particles and contaminants. Different filtration methods (micro, ultra, nano, and reverse osmosis) offer different levels of purity, depending on the particle size to be removed.
    • What it removes: sediments, suspended solids, microorganisms and some chemicals.
    • Advantage: Easy to apply, cost-effective and effective in removing large particles and turbidity.

  2. Sedimentation:

    • How it works: Sedimentation is a passive process in which water is sent into tanks or basins, where gravity causes particles to sink to the bottom. The particles accumulate as sludge, which is later removed.
    • What it removes: Larger suspended solids and sediments.
    • Advantage: More effective than sedimentation, as the separation of particles is faster and even fine particles can be removed.

  3. Centrifugation:

    • How it works: Water is rotated quickly in a centrifuge, so heavier particles are pushed to the edge of the chamber by centrifugal force and settle.
    • What it removes: suspended solids and sediments.
    • Advantage: More effective than sedimentation, as the separation of particles is faster and even fine particles can be removed.

  4. Reverse osmosis (RO):

    • How it works: Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing water through a semi-permeable membrane that retains solutes, bacteria, viruses, and even salts. Only water molecules can pass through the membrane, while impurities remain in the wastewater stream.
    • What it removes: Dissolved salts, heavy metals, microorganisms, chemicals and viruses.
    • Advantage: Very efficient in removing almost all impurities, provides extremely pure water.

  5. UV disinfection:

    • How it works: UV light is used to destroy the DNA of microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites so that they can no longer multiply. The UV rays penetrate the cells of the microorganisms and render them harmless.
    • What it removes: bacteria, viruses and parasites.
    • Advantage: Chemical-free, easy to install in existing systems, leaves no residue and is very effective against pathogenic microorganisms.

  6. Aeration (ventilation):

    • How it works: Water is mixed with air to expel dissolved gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. Oxygen is supplied, which ensures better water quality.
    • What it removes: Gases that cause odors or bad tastes, such as hydrogen sulfide.
    • Advantage: Improves the taste and smell of the water, increases the dissolved oxygen content.

 

Nanonox® does not replace physical cleaning.
Therefore, the water should be filtered before treatment with Nanonox.

Chlorine is one of the most commonly used disinfectants to purify water. It is used worldwide in drinking water treatment, swimming pools and industrial processes to kill microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses and parasites and make the water safe for human consumption.

How does chlorine work in water purification?
Chlorine is added to water in the form of gaseous chlorine, sodium hypochlorite (liquid) or calcium hypochlorite (solid). Once dissolved in water, chlorine forms, among other things, hypochlorous acid (HClO), a very effective compound that oxidizes and destroys microorganisms. Chlorine works by attacking the cell walls of microorganisms and inhibiting the vital processes in the cells, leading to their death.

Advantages of chlorine in water purification:

  1. Wide disinfection effect: Chlorine is very effective against a wide range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and some parasites, such as Giardia. It can also oxidize organic compounds found in water. Giardia. Es kann auch organische Verbindungen oxidieren, die im Wasser vorkommen.

  2. Long-lasting effect: Chlorine remains active in the water and provides lasting protection even after treatment. This is particularly advantageous in water supply networks, as the water is further disinfected on its way from the waterworks to the households.

  3. Cost-effective and widely available: Chlorine is inexpensive, readily available and easy to apply in large quantities, making it one of the most effective disinfectants for drinking water worldwide.

Disadvantages of chlorine in water purification:

  1. Taste and smell: Chlorine can give the water an unpleasant chemical taste and smell. This is often described as a "swimming pool taste" and can detract from the drinking experience.

  2. Formation of by-products: Chlorine can react with organic compounds in the water, forming by-products such as trihalomethanes (THMs) or haloacetic acids (HAAs ), which can be harmful to health. These by-products are suspected of being carcinogenic if ingested over a long period of time.

  3. Effectiveness against certain parasites: While chlorine is effective against many pathogens, it is less effective against some stubborn parasites, such as Cryptosporidium, which are resistant to chlorination. In such cases, alternative or additional methods of water treatment must be used. Cryptosporidium and Giardia., die widerstandsfähig gegen die Chlorung sind. In solchen Fällen müssen alternative oder zusätzliche Methoden zur Wasseraufbereitung eingesetzt werden.

  4. Corrosion of pipes: The use of chlorine can, in some cases, lead to corrosion in water pipes, which can reduce the lifespan of infrastructures and could promote the release of metals such as lead or copper into drinking water.

Conclusion:
Chlorine is a proven and widely used method of disinfecting water and provides reliable protection against many microbial contaminants. However, despite its effectiveness, it has some drawbacks, especially in terms of the taste of the water and the formation of potentially harmful by-products. 

Nanonox offers a highly efficient and chemical-free alternative to chlorine that offers the same benefits in terms of disinfection. Water treated with Nanonox consistently reaches ORP levels of 500 to 700 mV, ensuring effective control of bacteria, viruses and other pathogens – just like chlorine treatment.

However, a significant advantage of Nanonox over chlorine is the prevention of the formation of biofilms. While chlorine kills harmful microorganisms, it is not as effective at preventing biofilms in pipes and tanks. Nanonox eliminates these sustainably, keeping the lines clean and reducing maintenance.

In addition, chlorine in the water degrades slowly, which means that regular redosing must be made to ensure a sufficient disinfection effect. In contrast, Nanonox runs continuously, ensuring consistent water quality without the need for chemical additives. Nanonox thus not only offers the same protection as chlorine, but also a cleaner and more efficient solution for water treatment in the long term.

Nanonox® and chlorine dioxide are both effective methods of water treatment and disinfection, but they are fundamentally different in how they work and the benefits they provide.

Mode of action:

  • Nanonox® uses chemical-free photocatalysis technology, which uses activated oxygen from the air to eliminate impurities, bacteria, viruses and biofilms in the water. This innovative method does not require the use of chemicals at all, making it an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution.
  • Chlorine dioxide , on the other hand, is a chemical disinfectant that kills microorganisms through oxidation. It is particularly effective against biofilms, bacteria and viruses and is often used in drinking water treatment and industrial systems. However, it is a chemical solution that can produce by-products if not used properly.

Advantages of Nanonox® over chlorine dioxide:

  • Chemical-free: Nanonox® works completely without the use of chemicals. Unlike chlorine dioxide, it does not leave any chemical residues in the water, which protects the environment and health. It is particularly suitable for users who are looking for an ecological and sustainable solution.
  • No by-products: While chlorine dioxide can release potentially unwanted by-products when disinfected, Nanonox® leaves only clean, safe water, without the risk of residues such as chlorates or chlorine dioxide.
  • Continuous water quality: Nanonox® ensures stable ORP values of 500 to 700 mV through continuous use, which ensures a consistently high disinfection effect. Chlorine dioxide, on the other hand, gradually degrades in the water and requires regular redosing.

Applications:

  • Nanonox® is suitable for a wide range of applications where chemical-free, sustainable water treatment is required – from drinking water treatment to wastewater treatment. It prevents the formation of biofilms as effectively as chlorine dioxide, without the disadvantages of chemical additives.
  • Chlorine dioxide is often used in industrial and large water systems where rapid and strong oxidation is required. It is particularly effective in combating legionella and stubborn biofilms, but it entails chemical risks.

Nanonox® offers a forward-looking, environmentally friendly alternative to chlorine dioxide that convinces with the advantages of chemical-free disinfection. While chlorine dioxide is still useful in certain applications, Nanonox® represents a more sustainable and safer solution that ensures consistent water quality without leaving harmful by-products.

Ozone (O₃) is a oxidizing agent that is often used to disinfect and treat water. It provides an effective and environmentally friendly method of removing microorganisms, chemicals, and other contaminants from water. Ozone is particularly used in drinking water treatment, wastewater treatment and swimming pools, but also in the food industry and in the treatment of aquacultures.

How does ozone work in water treatment?

Ozone is produced on site in an ozone generator by electrical discharge or UV light from oxygen. Once the ozone is dissolved in the water, it begins to work by oxidizing and destroying microorganisms, viruses, and parasites. Ozone decomposes the cell walls of bacteria and viruses, which leads to their death. At the same time, it reacts with organic and inorganic pollutants, breaks them down into harmless compounds and removes odors and unwanted flavors.

Advantages of ozone water treatment:

  1. Good disinfection effect: Ozone is one of the stronger oxidizing agents and kills bacteria, viruses, parasites and other microorganisms very quickly. It is more effective than chlorine and is also effective against resistant parasites such as Cryptosporidium and Giardia. and Giardia.

  2. Improve taste and smell: Ozone removes unpleasant tastes and odors from the water caused by organic compounds or chemicals. This makes the water clearer and fresher.

Disadvantages and challenges of using ozone:

  1. Short-lived: Ozone has a very short half-life and quickly decomposes into oxygen, which is why it must be generated locally and used immediately. This requires special ozone generators that produce the gas continuously.

  2. Technical complexity: The production and application of ozone requires technical expertise and specialized equipment, making it more complicated and expensive to use compared to simpler methods such as chlorination.

  3. Risk of corrosion: Ozone is a powerful oxidizing agent that in some cases can corrode materials such as metal pipes and other components of water infrastructure if used improperly.

  4. Safety risks: High ozone concentrations can be harmful to health if inhaled. Therefore, the handling of ozone in closed systems is necessary to minimize risks to workers or residents.

Applications of ozone in water treatment:

  • Drinking water treatment: Ozone is widely used in drinking water treatment to remove pathogens, pesticides, and other contaminants. It is often used in combination with filtration techniques to ensure high water quality.

  • Swimming pools and spas: In swimming pools, ozone is used for disinfection to destroy bacteria and contaminants while reducing the use of chlorine, minimizing unpleasant odors and skin irritation.

  • Food industry: Ozone is used to disinfect surfaces, clean foods such as fruits and vegetables, and disinfect water needed in food production.

  • Aquaculture: In fish farming and aquaculture, ozone ensures clean water by killing pathogens and improving water quality, which promotes fish health.

Conclusion:
Ozone is a powerful and environmentally friendly method of water treatment that leaves no chemical residue and is very effective against a wide range of microorganisms and pollutants. Despite its high effectiveness and benefits in improving water quality, the use of ozone requires special technical infrastructure and expertise. It is successfully used in many areas of water treatment, from drinking water to swimming pools to the food industry.

Nanonox® makes the use of ozone in water treatment superfluous, as it offers an equally effective but chemical-free alternative. Using photocatalysis technology, Nanonox generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are able to eliminate bacteria, viruses, parasites and organic and inorganic contaminants just as efficiently as ozone. Nanonox only uses oxygen from the air, without the need to generate ozone on site.

Advantages of Nanonox over ozone:

  1. No need for ozone generators: Ozone must be produced on site in special ozone generators and is promptly fed into the water, as it decomposes quickly. Nanonox®, on the other hand, does not require complex technical equipment and can be integrated more easily into existing water systems. I retaitte advantages of ozone while providing for a stronger oxidation.

  2. Less maintenance and lower costs: Ozone systems require often maintenance and calibration, as the ozone generators are sensitive to wear and tear. Nanonox® is a low-maintenance system that operates with minimal energy consumption and low operating costs.

  3. Low enconsumption: Ozone requires high energy input in order to be produced while Nanonox achieves high redoc potentials with very low energy input

Conclusion:
Nanonox® offers a reliable, safe and environmentally friendly and lower cost alternative to ozone in water treatment. It effectively eliminates microorganisms and contaminants without the technical and health challenges associated with the use of ozone. Nanonox® thus ensures clean water, without any chemical additives and without complex infrastructure.

UV

The use of a UV lamp in water treatment serves to disinfect the water by killing or inactivating harmful microorganisms such as bacteria and parasites by UV light. UV radiation, which is in the ultraviolet range (usually at 254 nm), penetrates the microorganisms and destroys their DNA, so that they can no longer reproduce and die.

Advantages of UV water treatment:

  1. Chemical-free: UV lamps disinfect water without the use of chemicals such as chlorine, which does not affect the taste and water quality.
  2. Fast action: disinfection is carried out immediately when the water is exposed to UV radiation, without the need for exposure time.
  3. No residues: UV light leaves no harmful residues in the water, so the water can be used immediately after irradiation.

Efficiency of UV lamps:
The efficiency of UV lamps depends on several factors:

  • Water quality: The water must be clear enough for the UV light to penetrate effectively. Cloudy water or high concentrations of suspended solids can reduce the effectiveness of the UV lamp.
  • UV lamp power: The strength and lifespan of the UV lamp determine its effectiveness. Over time, the UV output decreases, which is why the lamps must be regularly maintained and replaced.
  • Flow rate: The water must be exposed to UV radiation long enough to ensure complete disinfection.

Limitations of UV water treatment:
While UV lamps disinfect effectively, they do not remove contaminants such as chemicals, heavy metals, or sediment. They are therefore particularly suitable for targeted germ reduction, but should be combined with other treatment methods such as filtration and the addition of chlorine if the water also needs to be freed from other impurities.

In the Nanonox® systems, specific wavelengths of UV light are activated by a catalytic surface, which releases active oxygen from the air. These highly reactive oxygen radicals are blown into the water, creating a strong oxidation potential. This potential effectively breaks down impurities in the water and at the same time enriches the water with oxygen, resulting in clean and safe water quality.

Gelöster Sauerstoff (DO, von englisch Dissolved OxygenDissolved oxygen (DO) refers to oxygen molecules (O₂) that are dissolved in water. It is the oxygen that is not present in the water as gas bubbles, but is integrated into the water at the molecular level. Dissolved oxygen is essential for the survival of fish, plants and microorganisms in the water and also plays an important role in many ecological and industrial processes.

How does oxygen get into the water?

  • Diffusion from the air: Oxygen from the atmosphere diffuses into the water at the surface of the water. Factors such as temperature and air pressure affect the amount of oxygen that can dissolve in the water.
  • Photosynthesis of aquatic plants: Aquatic plants and algae release oxygen during photosynthesis, which then remains dissolved in the water.
  • Turbulence and movement: Currents, waves and other movements of the water increase the oxygen input as they increase the contact area between water and air.
  • Nanonox also increases the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the water.

Why is dissolved oxygen important?

  • Aquatic ecosystems: Fish and other aquatic organisms need dissolved oxygen to survive. Too low oxygen levels can lead to "oxygen deficiency" or "hypoxia", leading to fish deaths and a disrupted ecosystem.
  • Water quality: The oxygen content in the water is an important indicator of water quality. Clean, healthy bodies of water tend to have higher levels of dissolved oxygen.
  • Wastewater treatment: Dissolved oxygen is crucial in biological wastewater treatment plants because it is needed by aerobic bacteria to break down organic waste. Without enough oxygen, the degradation process can become inefficient and lead to odor.

Factors that affect oxygen levels:

  • Temperature: Cold water can absorb more oxygen than warm water. As the water temperature rises, the ability to dissolve oxygen decreases, which can lead to a lack of oxygen.
  • Pollution: Wastewater and organic matter that are discharged into the water consume oxygen when they are broken down by bacteria. Heavy pollution can lower oxygen levels.
  • Altitude and air pressure: At higher altitudes, where the air pressure is lower, less oxygen can be dissolved in the water.

Dissolved Oxygen Measurement:
Dissolved oxygen levels are measured in milligrams per liter (mg/L), or as a percentage of oxygen saturation. In healthy aquatic environments, dissolved oxygen levels are typically between 6 and 12 mg/L.

Dissolved oxygen is therefore a crucial factor for the health of water bodies and aquatic creatures, as well as for various industrial and ecological processes.

Nanonox® effectively promotes dissolved oxygen levels in water, which is crucial for both water quality and ecological balance in water bodies. Through its innovative photocatalysis technology, oxygen from the air is activated and introduced into the water, where it breaks down harmful impurities while increasing oxygen levels.

A higher dissolved oxygen content is essential for the survival of fish, plants and microorganisms in aquatic ecosystems. It improves water quality and ensures that natural biological processes can run optimally. By increasing oxygen levels, Nanonox® not only contributes to water purification, but also supports healthy, stable waters and improves living conditions for all living beings that depend on clean, oxygen-rich water.

Biofilm removal:
Removing biofilms is difficult because the microorganisms are protected by the mucus layer. Mechanical cleaning processes or chemical disinfectants are often required to eliminate biofilms. Chlorine alone is not enough, the more aggressive chlorine dioxide is usually used.

Nanonox® reduces and eliminates biofilms in tanks and pipes through its innovative, chemical-free water treatment technology. The system is based on photocatalysis, which uses activated oxygen from the air to effectively eliminate bacteria, viruses and other organic contaminants. These microorganisms are the main cause of the formation of biofilms, which settle on the surfaces of tanks and pipes and can lead to blockages and loss of efficiency in the long term.

By destroying these microorganisms, Nanonox® reliably prevents the formation of biofilms. This keeps pipes and tanks clean, which not only reduces maintenance, but also extends the life of the equipment and ensures consistently high water quality. All this is done without the use of chemicals such as chlorine, which makes Nanonox® an environmentally friendly and sustainable solution.

Nanonox

The key to chemical-free water treatment lies in the ORP value (oxidation-reduction potential). This value measures how much water or a solution is able to promote oxidation or reduction processes. For safe and clean drinking water, the ORP value should ideally be between 200 mV and 600 mV. 

Usually, a high ORP value is achieved by various oxidative disinfection methods. The most common is the addition of chlorine, which effectively increases ORP levels and kills bacteria and viruses. Alternatively, ozone or UV light can be used to positively influence the ORP value. However, these methods are often not sufficient to bring water to drinking water quality completely without chemical additives.

That's where Nanonox® comes in. Nanonox® uses a revolutionary, chemical-free technology based on photocatalysis. It activates oxygen from the air to eliminate impurities, bacteria and viruses in the water – without the use of chlorine or other chemical disinfectants.
The system reliably ensures a stable ORP value in the ideal range, so that drinking water quality is achieved without any chemicals.

Yes, Nanonox® has a worldwide patent on the technology.

To run Nanonox® independently of the grid, you only need a minimal infrastructure. The system is extremely energy-efficient and can be operated with a standard power source. Alternatively, Nanonox® can also be operated autonomously with solar panels, making it ideal for remote locations or applications without a direct power connection.

To operate, you will need:

  1. Power source: Nanonox® can be powered either with a 240V connection or via a 24V source, such as a solar system (+battery or power station).
  2. Water supply: The system requires a water container such as a tank, IBC or basin to be able to carry out the treatment.
  3. Installation: Nanonox® is easy to integrate into existing water or purification systems. It can be installed as a standalone unit or as a supplement to existing systems.

With these basic requirements, Nanonox® can be operated independently and flexibly, ideal even for remote locations or self-sufficient applications.

Anlagenschema Trinkwasseraufbereitung Nanonox - ohne die Zugabe von Chlor

We recommend keeping the energy-saving Nanonox® device in continuous operation to ensure a constant ORP value of over 650 mV. This value ensures that the water remains permanently clean and is effectively protected from harmful bacteria, viruses and contaminants. Continuous operation minimizes the risk of a drop in ORP value and ensures a consistently high disinfection effect.

If the device is temporarily switched off, the ORP value may decrease, but it will still remain within the acceptable range after an hour of about 300 mV. However, in order to ensure the best possible water quality and protection, the Nanonox® system should run continuously.

If the Nanonox® device or power fails, the water quality will remain stable for a period of time, as the system has already raised the ORP (oxidation-reduction potential) value of the water. Even after an hour, the ORP value remains above 300 mV. This value ensures that the water continues to be protected from impurities, bacteria and viruses. Usually, the disinfecting effect is maintained for a while, depending on the conditions and environment of the water system.

Once the power supply or device is functional again, Nanonox® automatically resumes its work to further stabilize the water quality and ensure that no new contaminants are created. In emergencies, the system can be powered by an alternative energy source such as solar batteries to minimize outages and maintain water purification.

Nanonox is low-maintenance, but not maintenance-free. Certain consumables, such as the UV lamp, must be replaced annually.

Yes, we are in the process of building a worldwide dealer network. Your dealer will train you in the replacement of components or take care of necessary maintenance work.

Yes, it is possible to cover larger daily outputs. We achieve this through several devices or special solutions, depending on your needs and requirements for installation.
Please let us know your needs - we will find the right solution for your needs!

We will be happy to provide you with a non-binding offer - adapted to your needs and the environment.
The offer also includes installation, instruction and possible power supply concepts (solar system, electricity storage). Please let us know where you would like to use Nanonox and what your cleaning needs are (litres/day).

Contact

Nanonox GmbH 
Parsevalstraße 6
D-06749 Bitterfeld-Wolfen Germany

Fon +49 3493-34 33 900
info@nanonox.com

Applications

Nanonox

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